Haplogroups represent fractures in the human tree and are tied to deep ancestry (think 10,000 or 10's of 1000's of years).

[On the Test Results page, haplogroups colored green have been confirmed by SNP testing. The other Haplogroups colored red have been predicted by Family Tree DNA based on a comparison of the participant's Y-DNA test results with the Y-DNA test results of individuals whose haplogroup has been confirmed by SNP testing.]

E3a. Haplogroup E3a is an Africa lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most common lineage among African Americans. It is also found occasionally in the British Isles and Europe in persons whose families have long been considered Caucasion.

E3b. This haplogroup is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa.

G. This lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East.

I. The I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe.

I1c. I1c families are found thinly spread throughout Europe and thought to be associated with the early Gravettian cultures [the so-called venus figures]of central and western Europe. The I1c family is thought to have branched from I1* before the last glacial maximum and is accordingly also an Upper Palaeolithic community sub-group. Currently the Genographic Project holds the view that I1c, amongst other Haplogroup I* subclades, may well be associated with the early Celtic migrations throughout Europe and this would account for it's present locations in Europe.

J. Haplogroup J is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan. The Cohen modal lineage is found in Haplogroup J*.

R1. The undifferentiated R1 lineage is quite rare. It is found only at very low frequencies in Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. This lineage possibly originated in Europe and then migrated east into Asia.

R1a. The R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black & Caspian Seas. This lineage is thought to descend from a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (circa 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is found in central & western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Europe.

R1b1. Haplogroup R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

? . If a "?" is in the haplogroup field, then FTDNA feels that the comparative results are not clear and unambiguous.

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